![]() ![]() Hunter injected the body with preservatives and color additives that gave a glow to the corpse's cheeks, replaced her eyes with glass eyes, and dressed her in a fine lace dress. When his wife Mary died on 14 January 1775, he had her embalmed as an attraction to draw more customers. ![]() One of his more notorious clients was dentist Martin Van Butchell. His brother, John Hunter, applied these methods and advertised his embalming services to the general public from the mid-18th century. He wrote a widely read report on the appropriate methods for arterial and cavity embalming in order to preserve bodies for burial. The Scottish surgeon William Hunter was the first to apply these methods to the art of embalming as part of mortuary practice. William Harvey, the 17th century English physician who was the first to detail the system of blood circulation, made his discoveries by injecting colored solutions into corpses. The modern method of embalming involves the injection of various chemical solutions into the arterial network of the body to primarily disinfect and slow the decomposition process. William Hunter developed and popularized the modern technique of arterial embalming in the late 18th century. Various attempts and procedures have been reported by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Jacobus Berengar (1470–1550), Bartholomeo Eustachius (1520–1574), Reinier de Graaf (1641–1673), Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680), and Frederik Ruysch (1638–1731). The first attempts to inject the vascular system were made by Alessandra Giliani, who died in 1326. Early methods used are documented by contemporary physicians such as Peter Forestus (1522–1597) and Ambroise Pare (1510–1590). The period of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is known as the anatomists' period of embalming and is characterized by an increased influence of scientific developments in medicine and the need for bodies for dissection purposes. In Europe the ancient practice of artificial preservation had become widespread by about 500 CE. ![]() While these remains have been extraordinarily well preserved, the embalming fluids and methods used are unknown. In China, artificially preserved remains have been recovered from the period of the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), the main examples being those of Xin Zhui and the Mawangdui Han tombs site. Other cultures known to have used embalming techniques in antiquity include the Meroites, Guanches, Peruvians, Jivaro Indians, Aztecs, Toltecs, Mayans, and Tibetan and southern Nigerian tribes. The ancient Egyptians believed that mummification enabled the soul to return to the preserved corpse after death. They did so by removing organs, ridding the body of moisture, and covering the body with natron. As early as the First Dynasty (3200 BCE), specialized priests were in charge of embalming and mummification. Perhaps the ancient culture that developed embalming to the greatest extent was Egypt. The earliest known evidence of artificial preservation in Europe was found in Osorno (Spain) and are about 5000 years old human bones covered in cinnabar for preservation, but embalming remained unusual in Europe up to the time of the Roman Empire. The Chinchorro culture in the Atacama desert of present-day Chile and Peru are among the earliest cultures known to have performed artificial mummification, as early as 5000–6000 BCE. Whilst the term embalming is used for both ancient and modern methods toward preservation of a deceased person, there is very little connection between modern-day practices of embalming and ancient methods in terms of techniques or final aesthetic results. Pottery, dishes, and other miscellaneous items from the embalming cache of Tutankhamun Embalming preserves the body intact, whereas taxidermy is the recreation of an animal's form often using only the creature's skin, fur or feathers mounted on an anatomical form. Embalming has a very long and cross-cultural history, with many cultures giving the embalming processes a greater religious meaning.Īnimal remains can also be embalmed by similar methods, but embalming is distinct from taxidermy. ![]() Performed successfully, embalming can help preserve the body for a duration of many years. The three goals of embalming are sanitization, presentation, and preservation, with restoration being an important additional factor in some instances. This is usually done to make the deceased suitable for public or private viewing as part of the funeral ceremony or keep them preserved for medical purposes in an anatomical laboratory. For other uses, see The Embalmer, Embalmer (band), and Embalming (manga).Įmbalming is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (in its modern form with chemicals) to forestall decomposition. ![]()
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